Modal Perfect là gì? | Phân loại, Cấu trúc, Cách dùng và bài tập vận dụng
Modal perfect - hay còn gọi là động từ khiếm khuyết hoàn thành, là một dạng kiến thức nâng cao của động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verbs). Cấu trúc này được hình thành khi kết hợp động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) với quá khứ phân từ (past participle) của một động từ khác.
Động từ khuyết thiếu hoàn thành giúp chúng ta miêu tả một sự việc đã nên, nên, không nên, hẳn là, có lẽ đã,... xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Cấu trúc chung của Modal perfect
Nếu như các Modal Verbs (như will, can, should, must…) thường được sử dụng để diễn đạt hành động ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, thì dạng hoàn thành của chúng - Perfect Modals dùng để diễn tả hành động, sự việc đã diễn ra ở một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ và có thể liên quan đến một thời điểm hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Cấu trúc chung của các trường hợp sử dụng Perfect modals là:
Modal perfect + have + past participle
Ví dụ:
Sau khi đã nắm được cấu trúc chung của các perfect modals, sau đây tác giả sẽ phân loại các dạng perfect modals ấy. Trong tiếng Anh, tương ứng với các modal verbs thông dụng chính là dạng perfect modals của chúng, cụ thể:
Ở phần tiếp theo, tác giả sẽ cùng người đọc phân tích sâu hơn về cách sử dụng của từng perfect modal trên.
Should (not) have + past participle là cấu trúc được sử dụng để diễn tả một hành động, sự việc mà người thực hiện đáng lẽ nên (không nên) làm ở quá khứ.
Ví dụ: You should have taken an umbrella. It rained. (Bạn đáng lẽ nên mang theo ô. Trời đã mưa.)
Cấu trúc Should (not) have + past participle cũng được sử dụng để diễn tả một mong đợi, một điều mà người nói nghĩ lẽ ra đã phải xảy ra.
Ví dụ: The project should have been finished by now. (Dự án đáng lẽ đã phải hoàn thành rồi.)
Cấu trúc Would (not) have + past participle được sử dụng để miêu tả một hành động, sự việc sẽ xảy ra nếu một điều kiện khác đã tồn tại trong quá khứ. Đây cũng chính là dạng thường thấy trong câu điều kiện loại ba.
Ví dụ:
Would (not) have + past participle cũng được người nói sử dụng để thể hiện sự sẵn lòng làm một việc gì đó, nhưng cuối cùng lại không thực hiện.
Ví dụ: I would have helped you, but I was busy. (Tôi đã sẵn sàng giúp bạn, nhưng tôi quá bận.)
Cấu trúc Must have + past participle dùng để diễn tả sự chắc chắn về một hành động, sự việc trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Can’t have + Past participle được dùng để diễn tả một hành động, sự việc hoàn toàn không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Cấu trúc Could have + past participle được sử dụng để diễn tả một điều có thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhưng vì lý do nào đó, nó đã không xảy ra.
Ví dụ:
Could have + past participle cũng được sử dụng để đưa ra một sự suy đoán về một sự việc, hành động có thể đã xảy ra trong quá khứ mà nhưng không hoàn toàn chắc chắn.
Ví dụ:
Cấu trúc Might have + Past participle được sử dụng để diễn tả khả năng, sự không chắc chắn về một sự việc, hành động trong quá khứ.
Might have thường mang ý nghĩa suy đoán hoặc không chắc chắn hơn so với "could have".
Ví dụ:
Cấu trúc Needn't have + Past participle được sử dụng để diễn tả một hành động đã diễn ra trong quá khứ nhưng không mang lại tác dụng và cũng không cần thiết.
Ví dụ:
Như vậy, tác giả đã giới thiệu đến người đọc bảy cặp perfect modals thường gặp. Trước khi bước vào các dạng Perfect Modals exercises làm quen với kiến thức, tác giả muốn tổng hợp lại kiến thức dưới dạng bảng so sánh nhằm giúp người đọc dễ theo dõi hơn.
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Modal verbs và Perfect modals tương ứng |
Ý nghĩa |
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Should |
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Should have |
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Would |
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Would have |
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Must |
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Must have |
Diễn tả việc chắc chắn (có thật) trong quá khứ |
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Can’t |
Diễn tả việc không thể xảy ra (không có thật/ không có khả năng) ở hiện tại. |
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Can’t have |
Diễn tả việc không thể xảy ra (không có thật/ không có khả năng) ở quá khứ. |
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Could |
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Could have |
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Might |
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Might have |
Diễn tả việc không chắc chắn đã xảy ra trong quá khứ. |
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Needn’t |
Diễn tả việc không cần thiết phải thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. |
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Needn’t have |
Diễn tả việc không cần thiết phải thực hiện ở quá khứ, nhưng đã xảy ra rồi. |
1) Could/May/Might + have + P2: có lẽ đã
Diễn tả một điều gì đó có thể có hoặc không xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhưng người nói không dám chắc.
Example:
Quynh could have gone out with Mai yesterday (Quỳnh có lẽ đã ra ngoài cùng Mai vào hôm qua. Người nói không dám chắc là hành động này có đúng hay không)
2) Should (Ought to) + have + P2: lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên
Example: William should have gone to school this morning (Lẽ ra William phải đi học vào sáng nay. Nhưng thực tế là sáng nay cậu ấy không đi học)
Example: I failed the entry examination. I should have studied harder (Tôi đã trượt kì thi đầu vào, lẽ ra tôi nên chăm học hơn)
3) Must have + P2: chắc hẳn đã, hẳn là
Diễn tả suy đoán chắc chắc trong quá khứ dựa vào thực tế
Example: He got mark 10 in the Korean test. He must have studied hard (Anh ấy đã lấy được 10 điểm trong bài kiểm tra tiếng Hàn. Chắc hẳn anh ấy đã học rất chăm chỉ)
Note:
Phủ định của nó là Can’t have P2. Không tồn tại Mustn’t have P2 trong tiếng Anh. Ngoài ra, chúng ta còn có thêm cấu trúc Must have been V-ing và được hiểu theo nghĩa chắc hẳn lúc ấy đang
Example: He didn’t reply the massage. He must have been playing badminton with his friend (Anh ấy đã không trả lời tin nhắn, chắc hẳn lúc đó anh ấy đang chơi bóng bàn với bạn)
4) Would have + P2: không có thật trong quá khứ
Example: If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car (Nhưng thực tế tôi không có đủ tiền, và tôi cũng không mua ô tô).
I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy.
(= Tôi muốn đên dự tiệc nhưng tôi bận -> Câu này có thể viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 3 như sau: If I hadn’t been so busy, I would have gone to the party.)
I would have called you, but I didn’t know your number.
(= Tôi muốn gọi cho bạn nhưng tôi không biết só, vì thế tôi không gọi)
A: Nobody volunteered to help us with the fair
B: I would have helped you. I didn’t know you needed help.
(= Câu này có thể viết lại bằng câu điều kiện như sau: If I had known that you needed help, I would have helped you.)
Bài tập 1: Chọn đáp án đúng
1. I saw Mary yesterday, but she didn't say anything about her new job. She _____ it.
A. might forget
B. might have forgotten
C. could forget
2. I'm so tired. I _____ gone to bed earlier.
A. should have
B. would have
C. must have
3. Look at the mess! The children _____ been playing here all day.
A. must have
B. should have
C. could have
4. I _____ eaten so much chocolate. Now I feel sick.
A. needn't have
B. couldn't have
C. shouldn't have
5. The car keys are not on the table. You _____ taken them by mistake.
A. needn't have
B. could have
C. should have
Đáp án
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. B
Bài tập 2: Sử dụng từ trong ngoặc và điền perfect modals thích hợp vào chỗ trống
1. If I had gone to the sales, I'm sure I _____ something. (to buy)
2. Clare was very upset you didn't go to her birthday party. You _____ (to go)
3. No one's answering the phone. They _____ out. (to go)
4. The lights are out. They _____ to sleep. (to go)
5. We _____ Dave to the party if we had known he was in town. (to invite)
Đáp án
1. would have bought
2. should have gone
3. might have gone
4. might have gone
5. would have invited
Bài tập 3: Hoàn thành những câu dưới đây theo các động từ: might, might not, must, mustn’t, can, can’t.
1. Don’t stand up in the boat! You …………………. fall in the river!
2. You really …………………. start spending more time on your work.
3. That’s a really stupid idea! You …………………. be serious, surely!
4. Don’t be silly. You …………………. expect me to believe you!
5. I learn to fly! You …………………. be joking!
6. Sue says she’s stuck in traffic and she …………………. be late.
7. Tell Peter he. …………………. stay the night here if he wants to.
8. You …………………. realize it, but this is very important to me.
9. We’re not sure but we …………………. go to Prague for Christmas this year.
10. Bill cooked the lunch, so you …………………. expect anything special!
Đáp án
1. Don’t stand up in the boat! You …………might………. fall in the river!
2. You really …………must………. start spending more time on your work.
3. That’s a really stupid idea! You ……………can……. be serious, surely!
4. Don’t be silly. You …………can’t………. expect me to believe you!
5. I learn to fly! You ………must…………. be joking!
6. Sue says she’s stuck in traffic and she ………… might………. be late.
7. Tell Peter he. ………can…………. stay the night here if he wants to.
8. You …………might not………. realize it, but this is very important to me.
9. We’re not sure but we ……… might…………. go to Prague for Christmas this year.
10. Bill cooked the lunch, so you …………mustn’t………. expect anything special!
Bài tập 4: Viết lại các câu sau bằng các từ đã cho
1. It was quite unnecessary for you to carry all those parcels home yourself.
You ……………………………………………………………………………
2. I’m sure it wasn’t Mrs. Mai you saw because she is in Boston.
It can’t …………………………………………………………………
3. Maybe John’s working this weekend.
John ……………………………………………………………………………
4. I didn’t apologize. That was wrong of me.
I should …………………………………………………………………………
5. It wasn’t necessary for me to go out after all.
I needn’t ………………………………………………………………………………
6. I’m sure that you didn’t lock the front door. Here is the key.
You can’t …………………………………………………………………………
7. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
You shouldn’t ……………………………………………………………………………
8. I’m sure Alison made arrangement. I recognized her voice.
It must ……………………………………………………………………
9. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
He couldn’t possibly ……………………………………………………………………………
10. I am sure it was Judy that I saw in town this morning
It must ………………………………………………………………………………
Đáp án
1. You needn’t have carried all those parcels home yourself.
2. It can’t have been Mrs. Mai you saw because she is in Boston.
3. John may work this weekend
4. I should have apologized. That was wrong of me.
5. I needn’t have gone out after all.
6. You can’t have locked the front door. Here is the key.
7. You shouldn’t have left the windows open last night.
8. It must have been Alison who made arrangement. I recognized her voice.
9. He couldn’t possibly have known that his brother was seriously ill.
10. It must have been Judy that I saw in town this morning.
Bài tập 5: Điền vào 'must' or 'can't'
1) Why is that man looking around like that? He ________ be lost.
2) That woman __________ be a doctor! She looks far too young.
3) John always fails the tests, even though he's clever. He __________ study enough.
4) The food is really good at that restaurant. They ________ have a great chef.
5) Who's that at the door? It _________ be Susie - she'll still be at work now.
6) This _________ be John's house. This house has a red door and it's number 24, just like he said.
7) Julie _________ have much money or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
8) He _________ be at work now, can he? It's nearly midnight.
9) What a lot of lovely flowers you have! You ______ really like gardening.
10) David _________ drink a lot of coffee. He's finished two packets already this week.
11) This _______ be Jamie's coat. He's tall and this is tiny.
12) Her life ______ be easy. She has four children and very little money.
13) Where's Lucy? She _______ be at the library, as she often goes there at this time.
14) This bill _______ be right! £50 for two cups of coffee!.
15) Emma's amazingly good at the piano. She ______ practise a lot.
16) The car in front is driving so slowly that I think they ______ be looking for something.
17) You've already eaten enough for three people! You _______ still be hungry!.
18) This book _____belong to the library. It's certainly not mine.
19) It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That _____ be correct!.
20) There ______ be something wrong with the fridge! It's making a very unusual noise.
Đáp án
1) Why is that man looking around like that? He ___must_____ be lost.
2) That woman _____can't _____ be a doctor! She looks far too young.
3) John always fails the tests, even though he's clever. He ______can't____ study enough.
4) The food is really good at that restaurant. They ____must____ have a great chef.
5) Who's that at the door? It _____can't____ be Susie - she'll still be at work now.
6) This _____must____ be John's house. This house has a red door and it's number 24, just like he said.
7) Julie ____can't_____ have much money or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
8) He ______can't___ be at work now, can he? It's nearly midnight.
9) What a lot of lovely flowers you have! You ___must___ really like gardening.
10) David ____must_____ drink a lot of coffee. He's finished two packets already this week.
11) This ___can't____ be Jamie's coat. He's tall and this is tiny.
12) Her life ___can't___ be easy. She has four children and very little money.
13) Where's Lucy? She ____must___ be at the library, as she often goes there at this time.
14) This bill ___can't____ be right! £50 for two cups of coffee!.
15) Emma's amazingly good at the piano. She ___must___ practise a lot.
16) The car in front is driving so slowly that I think they ___must___ be looking for something.
17) You've already eaten enough for three people! You ____can't___ still be hungry!.
18) This book __must___ belong to the library. It's certainly not mine.
19) It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That __can't___ be correct!.
20) There ____must__ be something wrong with the fridge! It's making a very unusual noise.
Bài tập 6: Hoàn thành các câu. Sử dụng dạng hiện tại hoàn thành của động từ trong ngoặc.
1. Teachers _____ wear suits for work, but their clothes must be neat and clean.
2. Students _____ use their smart phones during the lessons.
3. You ____ arrive on time for the meeting. It's important not to be late.
4. You ____ eat lunch in the school canteen. Some students prefer to go home for lunch.
5. Students and teachers _____ be polite to each other.
6. You _____ buy a portfolio, your teacher will give you one.
7. You _____ eat or drink in any of the classrooms.
8. Students ____ take an exam at the end of the first semester.
Đáp án
1. Teachers __needn't___ wear suits for work, but their clothes must be neat and clean.
2. Students ___mustn't__ use their smart phones during the lessons.
3. You __must___ arrive on time for the meeting. It's important not to be late.
4. You __needn't___ eat lunch in the school canteen. Some students prefer to go home for lunch.
5. Students and teachers __must___ be polite to each other.
6. You _needn't____ buy a portfolio, your teacher will give you one.
7. You __mustn't___ eat or drink in any of the classrooms.
8. Students ___must__ take an exam at the end of the first semester.
Bài tập 7: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng MUST, MUSTN’T, DON’T HAVE TO, SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, MIGHT, CAN,CAN’T
1. Rose _________________ be good playes. They has won many prizes !
2. You _________________ pay to use the library. It’s free.
3. I’m not sure where my husband is at the moment. He _________________ be at the gym.
4. Jerry _________________ be working today. He never works on Sundays.
5. You _________________ be 18 to see that horror film.
6. You _________________ hear this radio program. It’s very funny.
7. Dad _________________ go to the hospital. His cough is getting worse all the time.
8. You don’t have to shout. I _________________ hear you very well.
9. It _________________ be him. I saw him a week ago, and he didn’t look like that.
10. You look pretty tired. I think you _________________ go to bed early tonight.
Đáp án
1. Rose ______must__________ be good player. They has won many prizes !
2. You ________don't have to_________ pay to use the library. It’s free.
3. I’m not sure where my husband is at the moment. He ________might_________ be at the gym.
4. Jerry _________can't ________ be working today. He never works on Sundays.
5. You __________must_______ be 18 to see that horror film.
6. You _________must________ hear this radio program. It’s very funny.
7. Dad _________should________ go to the hospital. His cough is getting worse all the time.
8. You don’t have to shout. I ________can_________ hear you very well.
9. It ________can't_________ be him. I saw him a week ago, and he didn’t look like that.
10. You look pretty tired. I think you _________should________ go to bed early tonight.
Bài tập 8:Hoàn thành các câu. Sử dụng “can/ can’t/ could/ couldn’t”
1. I was short of money last week. I ____________ buy that disk.
2. I am afraid, I ____________ come to your country.
3. When my father was a schoolboy, he was a good runner. He ____________ run very fast.
4. My great grandmother was very clever. She ____________ speak three foreign languages.
5. Denys ____________ swim quite well now. But last summer he ____________ swim at all.
6. My grandfather loved music very much. He ____________ play the piano and the guitar very well.
Đáp án
1. I was short of money last week. I _____couldn’t_______ buy that disk.
2. I am afraid, I _____can’t_______ come to your country.
3. When my father was a schoolboy, he was a good runner. He ______could______ run very fast.
4. My great grandmother was very clever. She ____could________ speak three foreign languages.
5. Denys _______can_____ swim quite well now. But last summer he ______couldn’t______ swim at all.
6. My grandfather loved music very much. He _______could_____ play the piano and the guitar very well.
Bài tập 9: Điền vào chỗ trống với MUST, MUSTN’T, DON’T HAVE TO, SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, MIGHT, CAN, CAN’T
1. Let me look. I _________________ be able to help you.
2. “Children, you _________________ cross the street if the lights are red !”
3. You _________________ sit so near the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.
4. I’m sorry but I _________________ give you a lift because my car is broken.
5. I _________________ stop and talk to you now. I have to get to the library.
6. You really _________________ go to the Louvre if you’re in Paris. It’s wonderful.
7. You _________________ come to the party if you don’t feel well.
8. I don’t know where Kelly is. She _________________ be at her sister’s .
9. You have passed all your tests. You _________________ be very pleased with yourself.
10. You _________________ smoke in your car, especially if there are children sitting in the
back
Đáp án
1. Let me look. I ________MIGHT_________ be able to help you.
2. “Children, you _________MUSTN’T________ cross the street if the lights are red !”
3. You _________SHOULDN’T________ sit so near the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.
4. I’m sorry but I ________CAN’T_________ give you a lift because my car is broken.
5. I ________CAN’T_________ stop and talk to you now. I have to get to the library.
6. You really ________MUST/SHOULD_________ go to the Louvre if you’re in Paris. It’s wonderful.
7. You _________DON’T HAVE TO________ come to the party if you don’t feel well.
8. I don’t know where Kelly is. She _______MIGHT_________ be at her sister’s .
9. You have passed all your tests. You ________SHOULD_________ be very pleased with yourself.
10. You _________SHOULDN’T/MUSTN’T________ smoke in your car, especially if there are children sitting in the back
Bài tập 10: Hoàn thành câu với Might/ Can/ Can't/ Could/ Couldn't/ Be able to
1. The businessman from England spoke so fast that I _______ understand him.
2. I would like to ________ ski so quickly.
3. I'm pretty sure Dad is at home. He ________ be working at this time in the evening.
4. It ________ rain this afternoon. It's pretty cloudy already.
5. Please, have patience. I'll _______ help you soon.
6. I didn't have the key so I ________ get inside.
7. My best friend _______ have become a great athlete, but he didn't practice enough.
8. Jimmy ________ take the driving test last year because he was only 17.
9. It is a difficult question but he ________ answer it.
10. It ________ be him. He told me he'd gone to Australia.
Đáp án
1. The businessman from England spoke so fast that I ____COULDN'T____ understand him.
2. I would like to ____BE ABLE TO____ ski so quickly.
3. I'm pretty sure Dad is at home. He ____CAN'T____ be working at this time in the evening.
4. It ____MIGHT____ rain this afternoon. It's pretty cloudy already.
5. Please, have patience. I'll ____BE ABLE TO____ help you soon.
6. I didn't have the key so I ____WASN'T ABLE TO____ get inside.
7. My best friend ____COULD____ have become a great athlete, but he didn't practice enough.
8. Jimmy ____COULDN'T____ take the driving test last year because he was only 17.
9. It is a difficult question but he ____WAS ABLE TO____ answer it.
10. It ____CAN'T____ be him. He told me he'd gone to Australia.
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