Phrasal Verb (Cụm động từ) | Định nghĩa, cấu tạo, cách dùng, các cụm động từ cơ bản trong Tiếng Anh
Phrasal verb là một cụm động từ được tạo thành từ một động từ chính và kết hợp cùng với một trạng từ hoặc một giới từ, hoặc đôi khi cả hai gộp thành. Mỗi một cụm động từ sẽ có một ý nghĩa hoàn toàn khác nhau, vậy nên, không phải lúc nào chúng ta cũng có thể đoán được nghĩa của cụm động từ bằng cách ghép nghĩa của từng từ riêng lẻ lại.
Dưới đây là một số ví dụ về phrasal verb bạn nên tham khảo để học luyện thi tiếng Anh tại nhà hiệu quả:
Take after: chăm sóc → Adam takes after his mother with all his love.
Take off: cất cánh → Heilson’s plane took off at 9 p.m.
Look up: tra, trở nên tốt hơn → We usually find the meaning of new words by looking up the dictionary.
Set off: đặt ra, tạo ra → A bomb is set off by terrorists in the centre of the city.
Có 3 cách tiêu biểu để cấu thành một cụm động từ trong tiếng Anh, đó là:
- Sự kết hợp giữa động từ – giới từ
- Sự kết hợp giữa động từ – trạng từ
- Sự kết hợp giữa động từ – trạng từ – giới từ
Động từ trong các cấu trúc này thường có thể là nội động từ (intransitive) hay ngoại động từ (transitive)
Đầu tiên, verb + preposition (động từ + giới từ) là một dạng khá phổ biến và thường gặp trong giao tiếp hằng ngày. Khi động từ đi cùng với giới từ tạo thành cụm động từ sẽ giúp câu nói của bạn trở nên phong phú hơn. Một số giới từ thường gặp: on, about, in,of, at, for, into, from, to, by, … Ví dụ:
- blow up (nổ tung)
- come across (tình cờ gặp)
- look after (chăm sóc)
- count on (dựa vào)
Dạng thứ 2 của phrasal verb đó là sự kết hợp giữa động từ và 1 trạng từ. Cấu trúc hình thành: Verb + adverb (động từ + trạng từ).
Một số trạng từ thường gặp: up, anyway, down, back, out, through, off. Ví dụ:
- look up (tra (từ))
- get along (hòa thuận)
- drop back (tụt lại)
- get away (chạy trốn, trốn thoát)
- hand down (truyền lại)
Và cuối cùng, khi một động từ kết hợp với cả giới từ và trạng từ cũng có thể tạo nên một cụm động từ . Cấu trúc hình thành: verb + adverb + preposition (động từ + trạng từ + giới từ). Ví dụ:
look down on (coi thường)
come up with (nghĩ ra)
run out of (hết, cạn kiệt)
cut down on (ắt giảm, giảm bớt)
break up with (chia tay với)
Thông thường thì chúng ta sẽ sử dụng các phrasal verb đóng vai trò như một động từ trong câu. Nghĩa là chúng sẽ được đặt ngay sau chủ ngủ. Ví dụ:
- I don’t know why he used to look down on me. (Tôi không hiểu sao anh ấy từng coi thường tôi).
- The festival has been put off because of the bad weather. (Lễ hội đã phải tạm dừng vì thời tiết xấu).
- The renovation spelled out the need for essential equipments. (Việc cải cách đã giải thích rõ ràng nhu cầu về những thiết bị cần thiết).
Tuy nhiên trong một số trường hợp, nếu tân ngữ là đại từ thì người ta có thể tách giới từ hay trạng từ của các cụm động từ ra và đặt chúng ngay sau đại từ. Ví dụ:
- I will pick him up on my way tomorrow. (Ngày mai tôi sẽ đón anh ấy trên đường đi).
- She has just broken it up because of my carelessness. (Cô ấy vừa làm vỡ nó vì sự bất cẩn của mình).
Trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt, chúng ta khó có thể thể tách rời cụm động từ trong câu ra được. Trường hợp này là đối với cụm nội động từ – intransitive phrasal verb. Ví dụ:
- She came across your CV and will reply to you soon. (Bà ấy xem qua Coverletter của bạn và sẽ trả lời bạn sớm).
- She’s trying to finish my work, so you don’t look at her like that. (Cô ấy đang cố hoàn thành công việc, vì vậy đừng nhìn cô ấy như vậy).
Bài tập 1: Chọn cụm động từ để điền vào những câu sau: go on / pick up / come back / come up with / go back / find out / come out / go out / point out / grow up / turn out / come in(to) / take on.
1. Could you ____________________________ (think of an idea) a better idea?
2. She ____________________________ (showed / mentioned) that the stock rose as high as $16 in April.
3. I ____________________________ (went to an event) for dinner with my colleagues last night.
4. He ____________________________ (entered a place where the speaker is the kitchen and made some tea.
5. George ____________________________ (become an adult) in a village.
6. As I arrived, he ____________________________ (appeared from a place) of the door.
7. She ____________________________ (got something from a place) some dinner on the way home.
8. At the end of the film, it ____________________________ (in the end we discovered) that John was a good guy.
9. How are you ()__________ at your new job?
10. It took her a long time to __________ such a terrible accident.
Đáp án:
1. come up with
2. pointed out
3. went out
4. came into
5. grew up
6. came out
7. picked up
8. turned out
9. getting on
10. get over
Bài tập 2: Chọn các cụm động từ tốt nhất cho các câu sau
1. He (came up with/ came into/ went back) a solution.
2. Could you (point out/ find out/ turn out) what time we need to arrive?
3. Many children ( come up / come down/ come to) with an ear infection even before their first birthday.
4. Most people (get up/ get out/ get over) a cold within two weeks.
5. I can’t wait to (get back/ get off/ get rid of) that ugly old couch.
6. I can’t believe who (drop out/ dropped in/ come in) on us last night.
7. He couldn’t (get along with/ get well/ get over) his mother-in-law.
8. I guess we need to (go over/ go through/ go up) the whole song a few more times.
9. She is glad they (look up to/ look down on/ look for) her.
10. I’m sorry, but you can’t (makeup/ made by/ marked down) that test you missed.
Đáp án:
1. came up with
2. find out
3. come down
4. get over
5. get rid of
6. dropped in
7. get along with
8. go through
9. look up to
10. make up
Bài tập 3: Chọn đáp án đúng
1. I wish I hadn’t said it. If only I could …………………
A. turn the clock round
B. turn the clock down
C. turn the clock back
D. turn the clock forward
2. I just took it ………………… that he’d always be available.
A. into account
B. for granted
C. into consideration
D. easy
3. My car is getting unreliable; I think I’ll trade it ………………… for a new one.
A. in
B. off
C. up
D. away
4. Anne persisted ………………… her search for the truth about what had happened.
A. on
B. about
C. at
D. In
5. The old houses were ………………… down to make way for a block of flats.
A. banged
B. put
C. hit
D. knocked
6. I accidentally ………………… Mike when I was crossing a street downtown yesterday.
A. caught sight of
B. kept an eye on
C. paid attention to
D. lost touch with
7. My mother told me to ………………… for an electrician when her fan was out of order.
A. send
B. write
C. rent
D. turn
8. It is very important for a firm or a company to keep ………………… the changes in the market.
A. pace of
B. track about
C. touch with
D. up with
9. The forecast has revealed that the world’s reserves of fossil fuel will have ………………… by 2015.
A. taken over
B. caught up
C. used off
D. run out
10. Even if you are rich, you should save some money for a ………………… day.
A. windy
B. rainy
C. foggy
D. snowy
11. We ………………… with a swim in the lake.
A. gave in
B. cooled off
C. got out
D. took up
12. They’re staying with us ………………… the time being until they can afford a house.
A. during
B. for
C. at
D. in
13. Since he failed his exam, he had to ………………… for it again.
A. take
B. sit
C. make
D. pass
14. “Why don’t you sit down and …………………?”
A. make yourself at peace
B. make it your own home
C. make yourself at home
D. make yourself at rest
15. He never lets anything ………………… him and his weekend fishing trip.
A. come among
B. come between
C. come up
D. come on
16. The Second World War ………………… in 1939.
A. turned up
B. took out
C. brought about
D. broke out
17. “We’d better ………………… if we want to get there in time.”
A. take up
B. put down
C. speed up
D. turn down
18. I could not ………………… the lecture at all. It was too difficult for me.
A. make off
B. take in
C. get along
D. hold on
19. My mother had to work 12 hours a day in a factory just to ………………….
A. tighten the belt
B. make ends meet
C. call it a day
D. break the ice
20. He is coming ………………… a cold after a night out in the rain.
A. across with
B. down with
C. away from
D. up with
Đáp án:
| 1. C | 2. B | 3. A | 4. D |
| 5. D | 6. A | 7. C | 8. D |
| 9. D | 10. B | 11. B | 12. B |
| 13. B | 14. C | 15. B | 16. D |
| 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. B |
Bài tập 4: Hoàn thành câu bằng cách dùng phrasal verb thích hợp
1. Could you ………. this application form, please?
2. I’ll never talk to you again. We ……….!
3. If you don’t ………., we can’t hear you.
4. I’m tired because I ………. too late last night.
5. The plane ………. late because of the bad weather.
6. Let’s go to the airport to ………. them ……….
7. The plane doesn´t ………. till 5 o´clock.
8. He was sleeping soundly when the alarm clock ……….
9. The meeting has been ………. till next month.
10. Don’t forget to ………. all the lights when you leave.
Đáp án:
1. fill in
2. are through
3. speak up
4 stayed out
5. takes off / took off
6. see them off
7. take off
8. went off
9. put off
10. turn off
Bài tập 5: Chọn chữ cái đứng trước đáp án đúng
1. I need to put ______ my shoes before entering the house.
A. away
B. off
C. down
D. on
2. Can you take care _____ my plants while I'm on vacation?
A. of
B. off
C. in
D. for
3. The detective is trying to find ______ who committed the crime.
A. out
B. on
C. up
D. into
4. How often do you catch _____ with your old classmates?
A. out
B. on
C. up
D. to
5. I'm going to try _____ this new recipe for dinner.
A. off
B. on
C. up
D. with
6. Please don't throw _____ those magazines; I haven't read them yet.
A. away
B. off
C. in
D. out
7. Take your time to read the document. You don't have to give it _____ right away.
A. on
B. to
C. back
D. up
8. The team needs to come _____ with a strategy for the upcoming project.
A. out
B. off
C. up
D. along
9. The meeting was called _____ at the last minute, and I couldn't attend.
A. out
B. upon
C. on
D. off
10. I ran _____ an old friend at the grocery store yesterday.
A. out
B. on
C. into
D. up with
Đáp án:
1. B. off
2. A. of
3. A. out
4. C. up
5. B. on
6. A. away
7. D. up
8. C. up
9. D. off
10. C. into
Bài tập 6: Tìm Phrasal Verb đồng nghĩa với cụm từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành các câu dưới đây
1. The students ________________ (progressed) well in their studies this semester.
2. Let's ________________ (generate) some creative ideas for the upcoming project.
3. He ________________ (returned) to his hometown after many years of living abroad.
4. The detective is determined to ________________ (discover) who committed the crime.
5. We need to ________________ (continue) with our plans despite the challenges.
6. The concert tickets ________________ (became available) online yesterday.
7. Can you ________________ (fetch) my keys from the living room?
8. The old factory ________________ (was demolished) to make way for a new shopping mall.
9. After a long day at work, she likes to ________________ (relax) at home with a good book.
10. I can't ________________ (tolerate) his rude behavior any longer.
11. We need to ________________ (finalize) the details of the project before the deadline.
12. The team decided to ________________ (accept) the challenge and compete in the tournament.
13. The company plans to ________________ (introduce) a new product next month.
14. Can you ________________ (take care of) my cat while I'm away on vacation?
15. The fire alarm suddenly ________________ (activated) during the drill.
Đáp án:
1. The students came along well in their studies this semester.
2. Let's come up with some creative ideas for the upcoming project.
3. He came back to his hometown after many years of living abroad.
4. The detective is determined to find out who committed the crime.
5. We need to carry on with our plans despite the challenges.
6. The concert tickets came out online yesterday.
7. Can you pick up my keys from the living room?
8. The old factory was torn down to make way for a new shopping mall.
9. After a long day at work, she likes to wind down at home with a good book.
10. I can't put up with his rude behavior any longer.
11. We need to iron out the details of the project before the deadline.
12. The team decided to take on the challenge and compete in the tournament.
13. The company plans to roll out a new product next month.
14. Can you look after my cat while I'm away on vacation?
15. The fire alarm suddenly went off during the drill.
Bài tập 7: Điền giới từ thích hợp để hoàn thành các câu dưới đây
1. She always looks __________ her younger sister, making sure she's safe.
2. The company decided to break __________ its partnership with the overseas distributor.
3. We can't go __________ with the project until we receive approval from the management.
4. The students were excited to sign __________ for the extracurricular activities.
5. The manager suggested that the team should focus __________ improving customer satisfaction.
6. Don't forget to turn __________ the lights when you leave the room.
7. The chef is known for coming __________ unique recipes for special occasions.
8. After a long day at work, she likes to wind __________ with a good book.
9. The cat suddenly pounced __________ the mouse in the backyard.
10. He was surprised to run __________ his childhood friend at the airport.
Đáp án:
1. She always looks after her younger sister, making sure she's safe.
2. The company decided to break off its partnership with the overseas distributor.
3. We can't go on with the project until we receive approval from the management.
4. The students were excited to sign up for the extracurricular activities.
5. The manager suggested that the team should focus on improving customer satisfaction.
6. Don't forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room.
7. The chef is known for coming up with unique recipes for special occasions.
8. After a long day at work, she likes to wind down with a good book.
9. The cat suddenly pounced on the mouse in the backyard.
10. He was surprised to run into his childhood friend at the airport.
Bài tập 8: Điền động từ/cụm động từ phù hợp để hoàn thành bài văn sau
I recently decided to (1) ______________ a new hobby, and I chose photography. I've always been fascinated by capturing moments and creating visual stories. To start, I had to (2) ______________ a good camera and some basic equipment. Then, I began to (3) ______________ the various functions and settings on the camera.
As I (4) ______________ the art of photography, I realized the importance of lighting. I started to (5) ______________ different techniques to enhance the quality of my photos. Additionally, I began to (6) ______________ new skills, such as photo editing, to bring out the best in my pictures.
One day, I decided to (7) ______________ a photography workshop to learn from experienced photographers. The workshop was a great opportunity to (8) ______________ valuable tips and tricks from professionals in the field. During the workshop, we also (9) ______________ the challenges that photographers often face and how to overcome them.
In conclusion, taking (10) ______________ photography has been a rewarding experience for me. It has allowed me to (11) ______________ my creativity and develop a new perspective on the world around me.
Đáp án:
1. take up
2. pick out
3. figure out
4. delved into
5. experiment with
6. acquire
7. attend
8. pick up
9. discussed
10. up
11. unleash
Bài tập 9: Chọn từ trong bảng và hoàn thành các câu dưới đây. Yêu cầu: Chia đúng thì
| break down | break in | look around | carry out | check out |
| check out | set up | set off | show off | find out |
1. She decided to __________ her own business after years of working for others.
2. Don’t forget to __________ from the hotel before noon.
3. He’s always eager to __________ his new car to his friends.
4. I need to __________ more information about the upcoming event.
5. The company plans to __________ a survey to gather customer feedback.
6. The alarm went off when someone tried to __________ to the house.
7. Before you leave the hotel, please remember to __________ at the front desk.
8. Let’s __________ the neighborhood and see if there’s a park nearby.
9. The old car finally __________ on the highway and needed a tow.
10. They are going to __________ on their journey early tomorrow morning.
Đáp án:
1. set up
2. check out
3. show off
4. find out
5. carry out
6. break in
7. check out
8. look around
9. broke down
10. set off
Bài tập 10: Điền phrasal verb thích hợp dựa vào nghĩa của nó
1. ____________ your sneakers. (remove)
2. Somebody has to ____________ my mother. (take care of)
3. Does Lan want to ____________ the truth? (discover)
4. Where can I ____________ the hoodie? (see if it fits)
5. ____________ (be quick)
6. Why don’t you ____________ ? (take a seat)
7. I will ____________ the bus now. (enter)
8. ____________ the English word in a dictionary. (consult a dictionary)
9. She wants to ____________ the form. (complete)
10. The firemen ____________ the blaze. (extinguish)
Đáp án:
1. Take off
2. look after
3. find out
4. try on
5. hurry up
6. sit down
7. get on
8. look up
9. fill in
10. put out
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