Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Third Conditional) | Định nghĩa, cấu trúc ngữ pháp, cách dùng, bài tập vận dụng
Câu điều kiện là câu diễn tả 1 sự việc, hành động sẽ xảy ra trong trường hợp một sự việc, hành động khác xảy ra.
- Câu điều kiện gồm hai phần: Một phần nêu lên điều kiện của hành động và một phần còn lại nêu kết quả của hành động đó, hay còn gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (thường bắt đầu với if) và mệnh đề chính (chứa will/ would)
- Mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện thì luôn đi liền sau từ if
Mệnh đề chính + mệnh đề IF
Mệnh đề IF, mệnh đề chính
Ví dụ câu điều kiện:
Tùy vào tính chất thời gian và khả năng xảy ra của phần giả thuyết, câu điều kiện trong tiếng Anh được chia thành các loại như sau:
Bài viết dưới đây sẽ đi phân tích kĩ hơn về câu điều kiện loại 3.
Câu điều kiện loại 3 là loại câu được sử dụng khi người nói tưởng tượng ra kết quả của một sự việc/ tình huống/ hành động không có thật trong quá khứ.
Trong câu điều kiện loại 3, thời gian của hai mệnh đề chính và phụ đều nằm ở quá khứ. Tình huống được đưa ra ở mệnh đề If là một giả thuyết trái với quá khứ.
Ví dụ câu điều kiện loại 3:
Tất cả các dạng câu điều kiện nói chung và câu điều kiện loại 3 nói riêng sẽ có 2 mệnh đề. Mệnh đề chứa if cung cấp thông tin giả thuyết “nếu”, mệnh đề chính mô tả kết quả đi theo “thì”.
If + S + had + P2, S + would/should/could/… + have + P2
= S + would/should/could/… + have + P2 + If + S + had + P2,
Cách chia động từ câu điều kiện loại 3:
Ví dụ về câu điều kiện loại 3:
Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 phủ định:
If + S + had not + P2, S + would/should/could/… + have + P2
= S + would/should/could/… + have + P2 + If + S + had not + P2,
Ví dụ về câu điều kiện loại 3 phủ định:
Câu điều kiện loại 3 có thể được dùng khi muốn nói về các khả năng xảy ra với sự việc trong quá khứ. Tùy thuộc vào mức độ chắc chắn của giả thuyết đưa ra mà chúng ta sẽ có cách dùng và cấu trúc câu tương ứng.
Đây là chức năng cơ bản nhất của câu điều kiện loại 3, đặc biệt khi người nói muốn diễn tả sự tiếc nuối của mình về 1 sự kiện trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Khi dùng might ở mệnh đề kết quả trong câu điều kiện loại 3, người nói muốn phỏng đoán về 1 kết quả xảy ra nhưng với mức độ chắc chắn không cao.
Ví dụ:
Khi dùng could ở mệnh đề kết quả trong câu điều kiện loại 3, người nói muốn nói về 1 kết quả xảy ra từ giả thuyết với mức độ chắc chắn.
Ví dụ:
Trong một vài trường hợp cụ thể nhất định, cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 cơ bản sẽ được điều chỉnh để phù hợp với ngữ cảnh.
Giả thuyết tại quá khứ cho ra kết quả mà hành động chưa hoàn thành hoặc liên tục (mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn).
If + S + had + P2, S + would + had + been + V-ing
Ví dụ:
Giả thuyết không có thật trong quá khứ và kết quả không có thật ở hiện tại
If + S + had + P2, S + would + V
Ví dụ:
Giả thuyết có tính tiếp diễn, hoàn thành trong quá khứ
If + S + had + been + V-ing, S + would + have/has + P2
Ví dụ:
Có vài lưu ý nhỏ về câu điều kiện loại 3 mà bạn cần nắm được để có thể sử dụng thành thạo cấu trúc này.
Ví dụ:
If you had not studied lazily, you could have passed the Chemistry exam.
= Unless you had studied lazily, you could have passed the Chemistry exam.
(Nếu anh ấy không lười học thì anh ấy đã có thể vượt qua bài kiểm tra hóa.)
If Harry had not called me, I would have forgotten about the test.
= Unless Harry had called me, I would have forgotten about the test.
(Nếu Harry đã không gọi cho tôi thì tôi đã quên mất bài kiểm tra.)
Ví dụ:
If I had enough money, I could have bought an iPhone 14.
= Supposing I had enough money, I could have bought an iPhone 14.
(Nếu tôi có đủ tiền, tôi đã có thể mua iPhone 14.)
If it hadn't rained, my shoes wouldn’t have been wet.
= Provided that it hadn’t rained, my shoes wouldn’t have been wet.
(Nếu trời đã không mưa thì đôi giày của tôi đã không bị ướt.)
Câu điều kiện loại 3 có thể được dưới dạng câu đảo ngữ khi bạn muốn nhấn mạnh hơn vào kết quả, hành động, sự việc của mệnh đề chính.
Had + S + P2, S + would/could/should + have + P2
Ví dụ:
= Had I met Happy, I would have invited him to dinner
(Nếu mà tôi gặp Happy thì tôi đã mời anh ấy tới dùng bữa tối rồi.)
= Had I been luckier, I could have passed the exam.
(Nếu tôi đã may mắn hơn thì có lẽ tôi đã có thể vượt qua bài test.)
Ex 1: Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành câu
1. We ________ got lost if we ________ not had a map.
A. get/have B. get/had
C. would have got/had D. got/would had
2. If you ________ had a son, _______ called him Sam?
A. have/call B. had/would you have
C. would have/would you D. had/would you
3. If you ________ the film, you ________ it.
A. watch/like B. had/would you have
C. would watch/liked D. had watch/would have like
4. I _________ to London if I ________ English.
A. could have gone/had known B. went/had knew
C. would go/knew D. go/would know
5. If you _________ added more sugar, the cake _________ better.
A. added/had tasted B. had added/would have tasted
C. add/taste D. had added/would tasted
6. I _________ you clearlier if I _________ my glasses.
A. would see/wore B. saw/wore
C. could have seen/had worn D. see/had worn
7. We _________ to the beach if we _________ in Florida.
A. would go/were B. went/were
C. could have gone/be D. would have gone/had been
8. If my mother _________ breakfast, I _________ really happy.
A. had made/would be B. made/am
C. makes/was D. would have made/had been
9. The dog _________ you if you _________ him.
A. didn’t bark/don’t teased B. wouldn’t have barked/hadnot teased
C. doesn’t barked/tease D. hadn’t barked/hadn’t teased
10. If the lady _________ the boy, he _________ into the van.
A. wouldn’t stop/had jumped B. didn’t stop/would jump
C. hadn’t stopped/would have jumped D. didn’t stopped/jumped
Đáp án
1. C 2. B
3. D 4. A
5. B 6. C
7. D 8. A
9. B 10. C
Ex 2: Viết lại câu điều kiện loại 3 ở dạng đảo ngữ
1. If I’d studied English at Langmaster, I would have gotten a better job opportunity.
2. If Harry hadn’t called me, I might have forgotten about the test.
3. If I had come to class on time, I could have caught up with the lesson.
4. If they had had more money, they might have been happier.
5. If I had won the lottery, I would quit my job.
Đáp án
1. Had I studied English at Langmaster, I would have gotten a better job opportunity.
2. Had Harry not called me, I might have forgotten about the test.
3. Had I come to class on time, I could have caught up with the lesson.
4. Had they had more money, they might have been happier.
5. Had I won the lottery, I would quit my job.
Ex 3: Viết dạng đúng của các từ trong ngoặc
1. I (send) _______ Happy a parcel if I (have) _______ his address.
2. If he (not/look) ________ at the phone, he (not/hit) _______ the wall.
3. If Jack (not/break) _______ his leg, he (take) _______ part in the dancing contest.
4. She (not/leave) _______ home suddenly if her father (not/scold) ______ her.
5. If it (not/start) _______ raining, the kids (walk) _______ in the park.
6. My sister (go) _______ the gym yesterday if she (not/be) _______ so tired.
7. We (swim) _______ in the lake if there (not/be) _______ so much trash there.
8. If I (see) _______ you in the pool yesterday, I (swim) _______ with you.
9. If she (take) _______ the bus, she (not/arrive) _______ at the office on time.
10. If I (know) _______ my boss was in hospital, I (visit) _______ him.
Đáp án
1. would have sent/had had
2. had not been looking/would not have hit
3. hadn't broken/could have taken
4. wouldn't have left/hadn't scoled
5. hadn't started/would have walked
6. would have gone/hadn't been
7. could have swimmed/wouldn't be
8. had seen/would have swimmed
9. had taken/couldn't have arrived
10. had known/would have visited
Ex 4: Chia đang đúng của động từ trong ngoặc
1. If you ______________ a minute, I’ll come with you. (wait)
2. If we arrived at 10, we ______________ Tyler’s presentation. (miss)
3. We ______________ John if we’d known about his problems. (help)
4. If they ______________ new batteries, their camera would have worked correctly. (use)
5. If I could go anywhere, it ______________ New Zealand. (be)
6. If it rains, the boys ______________ hockey. (play)
7. If he ______________ his own vegetables, he wouldn’t have to buy them. (grow)
8. Jim ______________ whisky distilleries if he travelled to Scotland. (see)
9. Would you go out more often if you ______________ so much in the house? (not have to do)
10. She wouldn’t have yawned the whole day if she ______________ late last night. (stay up)
Đáp án
1. wait
2. would miss
3. would have helped
4. had used
5. would be
6. won’t play
7. grew
8. would see
9. didn’t have to do
10. hadn’t stayed up
Ex 5: Chia động từ trong ngoặc với câu điều kiện loại 3
1. If I ________ (be) hungry, I ________ (buy) a sandwich in the buffet car.
2. We ________ (book) a cabin if they ________ (not be) so expensive.
3. If we ________ (stop) at the filling station, we ________ (not run out) of petrol.
4. If you ________ (look) at the departures board, you _______ (know) which gate to go to.
5. What you ________ (do) if the airline ________ (lose) your luggage?
6. We ________ (not go) out on deck if the weather ________ (not be) so lovely.
7. If you ________ (find) a bag on a train, you ________ (take) it to the lost property office?
8. I ________ (not use) the car park if I ________ (can) park on the street.
9. If I ________ (need) a taxi, I ________ (wait) at the taxi rank.
Đáp án
1. had been, would have bought
2. would have booked, hadn’t been
3. had stopped, wouldn’t have run out
4. had looked, would have known
5. would, have done, had lost
6. wouldn’t have gone, hadn’t been
7. had found, would, have taken
8. wouldn’t have used, could have parked
9. had needed, would have waited
Ex 6: Viết câu hỏi với các gợi ý đã cho sẵn
1. where / you / go / on holiday / last summer / if / you / have / the choice?
Where would you have gone______________________________________?
2. what / you / do / if / you / feel ill / this morning?
_____________________________________________________________?
3. what / you / buy / last weekend / if / you / have / lots of money?
_____________________________________________________________?
4. what / you / do / if / today / be / a public holiday?
_____________________________________________________________?
5. what film / you / see / if / go / to the cinema / last night?
_____________________________________________________________?
6. what / you / eat / yesterday evening / if / you / have / the choice?
_____________________________________________________________?
Đáp án
1. Where would you have gone on holiday last summer if you had had the choice?
2. What would you have done if you had felt ill this morning?
3. What would you have bought last weekend if you had had lots of money?
4. What would you have done if today had been a public holiday?
5. What film would you have seen if you had gone to the cinema last night?
6. What would you have eaten yesterday evening if you had had the choice?
Ex 7: Sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3 viết lại các câu sau
1. I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.
2. The accident happened because the road was icy.
3. I didn't know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up.
4. I was able to buy the car only because Jane lent me the money.
5. Karen wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
6. You didn't have any breakfast – that's why you're hungry now.
7. I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money.
8. You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.
9. I didn’t see Tony at the party. I wanted to speak to him about his vacation in France.
10. I didn’t know watching this movie was important for our project. I didn’t watch it.
Đáp án
1. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something.
2. If the road hadn't been icy, the accident wouldn't have happened.
3. If I had known that Joe had to get up early, I would have woken him up.
4. If Jane hadn't lent me the money, I wouldn't have been able to buy the car.
5. If Karen hadn't been wearing a seat belt, she would have been injured.
6. If you had had breakfast, you wouldn't be hungry now.
7. If I had had money, I would have got a taxi.
8. If you hadn’t eaten too much, you wouldn't feel sick now.
9. If I would have seen Tony at the party, I would’ve spoken to him about his vacation in France.
10. If I had known watching this movie was important for our project, I would have watched it.
Ex 8: Tìm lỗi sai trong các câu sau
1. If I would have known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
2. If they wouldn't have missed the train, they would have arrived on time.
3. If I had had more money, I would had bought a new car.
4. If we wouldn't have been stuck in traffic, we would have made it to the concert on time.
5. If he called me back, we would have discussed the matter further.
6. If I had known more languages, I will have more job opportunities.
7. If he checks his phone, he would have received your message.
8. If the weather would be better, we would have gone camping this weekend.
9. Has she not been lazy, she would finish the exercises.
10. Have I known about the traffic, I would have left earlier.
Đáp án
1. If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
2. If they hadn't missed the train, they would have arrived on time.
3. If I had had more money, I would have bought a new car.
4. If we hadn't been stuck in traffic, we would have made it to the concert on time.
5. If he had called me back, we would have discussed the matter further.
6. If I had known more languages, I would have had more job opportunities.
7. If he had checked his phone, he would have received your message.
8. If the weather had been better, we would have gone camping this weekend.
9. Had she not been lazy, she would have finished the exercises.
10. Had I known about the traffic, I would have left earlier.
Ex 9: Hoàn thành các câu sau với gợi ý cho sẵn (sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3)
1. Where / you / go / on holiday / last summer / if / you / have / the choice?
→ _________________________________________
2. What / you / do / if / you / feel ill / this morning?
→ _________________________________________
3. What / you / buy / last weekend / if / you / have / lots of money?
→ _________________________________________
4. What / you / do / if / today / be / a public holiday?
→ _________________________________________
5. What film / you / see / if / go / to the cinema / last night?
→ _________________________________________
6. If I / not / forget / my keys / I / be / able / to / get / into / my apartment.
→ _________________________________________
7. If we / have / more time / we / explore / the / city / in / more detail.
→ _________________________________________
8. If she / not / miss / her flight / she / not / have / to / pay / for / another ticket.
→ _________________________________________
9. If they / not / cancel / the / concert / we / have / a / great / time.
→ _________________________________________
10. If he / not / forget / to / set / his / alarm / he / not / oversleep.
→ _________________________________________
11. If I / study / harder / for / the exam, I / not / fail / it.
→ _________________________________________
12. If Tom / save / some / money, he / be / able / afford / buy / a car.
→ _________________________________________
13. If they / leave / early, they / not / get / stuck / in traffic.
→ _________________________________________
14. If I / take / the / job / offer, I / not / be struggling / financially.
→ _________________________________________
15. If they / hire / more / staff, they / not / be / so / busy.
→ _________________________________________
16. If I / pass / driving test / last month, I / buy / a car.
→ _________________________________________
17. The job / be done / much faster / if / there / be / more / people / helping.
→ _________________________________________
18. If they / go / to / bed / early, they / not / wake / up / late.
→ _________________________________________
19. If she / go / to / art / school, she / become / a painter.
→ _________________________________________
20. She / not / leave / you / alone / if she / know / you / were / ill.
→ _________________________________________
Đáp án
1. Where would you have gone on holiday last summer if you had had the choice?
2. What would you have done if you had felt ill this morning?
3. What would you have bought last weekend if you had had lots of money?
4. What would you have done if today had been a public holiday?
5. What film would you have seen if you had gone to the cinema last night?
6. If I hadn’t forgotten my keys, I would have been able to get into my apartment.
7. If we had had more time, we would have explored the city in more detail.
8. If she had not missed her flight, she would not have had to pay for another ticket.
9. If they had not canceled the concert, we would have had a great time.
10. If he had not forgotten to set his alarm, he would not have overslept.
11. If I had studied harder for the exam, I wouldn't have failed it.
12. If Tom had saved some money, he would be able to afford to buy a car.
13. If they had left early, they wouldn’t have gotten stuck in traffic.
14. If I had taken the job offer, I wouldn't be struggling financially.
15. If they had hired more staff, they wouldn't have been so busy.
16. If I had passed my driving test last month, I would have bought a car.
17. The job would have been done much faster if there’d been more people helping.
18. If they had gone to bed early, they wouldn’t have woken up late.
19. If she had gone to art school, she would have become a painter.
20. She wouldn’t have left you alone if she had known you were ill.
Ex 10: Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành câu
1. We ____________ got lost if we ____________ not had a map.
A. get/have
B. get/had
C. would have got/had
D. got/would had
2. If you ____________ had a son, ____________ called him Sam?
A. have/call
B. had/would you have
C. would have/would you
D. had/would you
3. If you ________ the film, you ________ it.
A. watch/like
B. had/would you have
C. would watch/liked
D. had watch/would have like
4. I _________ to London if I ________ English.
A. could have gone/had known
B. went/had knew
C. would go/knew
D. go/would know
5. If you _________ added more sugar, the cake _________ better.
A. added/had tasted
B. had added/would have tasted
C. add/taste
D. had added/would tasted
6. I _________ you clearlier if I _________ my glasses.
A. would see/wore
B. saw/wore
C. could have seen/had worn
D. see/had worn
7. We _________ to the beach if we _________ in Florida.
A. would go/were
B. went/were
C. could have gone/be
D. would have gone/had been
8. If my mother _________ breakfast, I _________ really happy.
A. had made/would be
B. made/am
C. makes/was
D. would have made/had been
Đáp án
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
Xem thêm các tài liệu Tiếng Anh hay, chi tiết khác:
TOP Việc làm "HOT" dành cho sinh viên:
Đăng nhập để có thể bình luận
1900.com.vn tổng hợp và giới thiệu bài viết Topic : Household Income and Spending on Food and Clothes | Bài mẫu IELTS Writing Task 1 giúp bạn nắm vững cách làm bài, nâng cao vốn từ vựng và đạt kết quả cao trong bài thi Tiếng Anh.
1900.com.vn tổng hợp và giới thiệu bài viết Fancy là gì? Fancy to v hay ving? | Cấu trúc - Cách dùng - Các từ đồng nghĩa với Fancy - Bài tập vận dụng giúp bạn nắm vững cách làm bài, nâng cao vốn từ vựng và đạt kết quả cao trong bài thi Tiếng Anh.
1900.com.vn tổng hợp bài viết về Topic: GLOBAL ISSUES | Bài mẫu IELTS Writing Task 2 giúp bạn nắm vững kiến thức và đạt điểm cao trong bài thi Tiếng Anh.