Die | Một số Phrasal verbs với Die thường gặp và bài tập vận dụng
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Hardly | Định nghĩa, vị trí, cấu trúc và bài tập vận dụng
Hardly là trạng từ mang ý nghĩa tiêu cực, được sử dụng với ý nghĩa “chỉ mới”, “vừa mới” hoặc thông dụng hơn là “hầu như không”, “hiếm khi”. Ví dụ:
-- Lan hardly ate anything. (Lan gần như không ăn gì).
-- The party had hardly started when Nam left. (Bữa tiệc vừa mới bắt đầu thì Nam rời đi).
Lưu ý quan trọng với Hardly:
-- Hardly không phải là trạng từ của Hard. Thông thường nhiều người sẽ nhầm lẫn Hardly là trạng từ vì trạng từ thường được hình thành theo cấu trúc “tính từ + ly”. Tuy nhiên Hard vừa là tính từ, vừa là trạng từ.
-- Hardly mang một ý nghĩa hoàn toàn khác so với Hard với nghĩa là “khó khăn”, “cứng rắn”, “nghiêm khắc”. Vì thế bạn cần chú ý phân biệt để sử dụng hai từ này một cách chính xác.
Trong cấu trúc Hardly này, Hardly mang ý nghĩa là “hầu như không”. Cấu trúc:
S + Hardly + V/N/Adj
Ví dụ:
-- We hardly go to the museum (Chúng tôi hầu như không đi đến bảo tàng).
Lưu ý: Vì là trạng từ nên Hardly đứng sau động từ tobe:
S + tobe + hardly + …
Ví dụ:
-- There was hardly fruit in the fridge yesterday (Hầu như không có hoa quả trong tủ lạnh vào ngày hôm qua).
Khi Hardly nằm ở vị trí đầu câu thì câu đó là câu đảo ngữ. Ở đây ta có hai loại đảo ngữ là đảo ngữ với động từ thường và đảo ngữ với cấu trúc Hardly had … when.
Ở trường hợp này thì Hardly mang ý nghĩa là “Hầu như không”. Cấu trúc:
Hardly + trợ động từ + S + V (nguyên thể)
Ví dụ: Hardly do we go to the museum = We hardly go to the museum (Chúng tôi hầu như không đến bảo tàng).
Với câu trúc này, Hardly … when có ý nghĩa là vừa mới … thì. Cấu trúc:
Hardly + Had + S + P2 + when + S + Ved
Ví dụ:
-- Hardly had I came back home when it raind ( Tôi vừa về nhà thì trời mưa).
-- Hardly had she gone out to the store when she was bitten by a dog (Cô ấy vừa mới ra khỏi nhà thì bị chó cắn).
Các từ thường được sử dụng kết hợp với Hardly là: Any, Anyone, Anybody, Anything và Ever.
Hardly + any
Hardly + any thường mang ý nghĩa rất ít. Ví dụ:
-- She hardly ate anything last night (Cô ấy ăn rất ít tối qua)
-- I hardly ever forget you birthday. ( Tôi hiếm khi quên sinh nhật của bạn)
-- Hardly anyone bought this picture because it’s very expensive (Không ai mua bức tranh này vì nó rất đắt)
Chúng ta có thể đặt “at all” sau động từ, danh từ hoặc tính từ để nhấn mạnh. Ví dụ:
-- I can hardly see at all without glasses. ( Tôi hầu như không thể nhìn thấy mọi thứ nếu không có kính)
-- Nam hardly wake up early at all in morning ( Nam không thể thức dậy sớm vào mọi buổi sáng)
Cấu trúc Hardly + any đồng nghĩa với very little, very few đều có nghĩa là rất ít. Ví dụ:
-- I hardly drank last night = I drank very little last night ( Tôi uống rất ít tối qua)
-- Nam hardly reads any books = Nam reads very few books ( Nam đọc rất ít sách)
Một số cấu trúc phổ biến tương đương với cấu trúc Hardly … when mang ý nghĩa: vừa mới thì dưới đây:
Cấu trúc 1:
No sooner had + S + V(PP/V3) + than + S + Ved
Ví dụ:
-- No sooner had Sơn Tùng had released his first song than he became famous. (Sơn Tùng vừa cho ra mắt bài hát đầu tiên thì tên tuổi của anh ấy được biết đến rộng rãi)
Cấu trúc 2:
Hardly / Barely / Scarcely had + S + V(PP/V3) + when / before + S + Ved
Ví dụ:
-- Barely had Sơn Tùng appeared in public when many people recognized him. They came to ask for the sign and some photos (Sơn Tùng vừa xuất hiện công khai thì nhiều người đã nhận ra anh ất và họ đến xin chữ ký và ảnh).
-- Scarcely had Nam taken the remote control when his mom shouted at him. ( Ngay khi Nam vừa cầm cái điều khiển TV thì mẹ anh ấy đã quát anh ấy.)
Idioms | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
(one) can hardly believe (one’s) eyes | Thật khó để tin vào mắt tôi |
|
Can hardly hear (oneself) think | Không thể tập trung để suy nghĩ vì có quá nhiều thứ tiếng ồn và xao nhãng cung quanh |
|
It’s hardly saying much | Dùng để diễn tả một thứ không quan trọng, không đáng kể hoặc ấn tượng |
|
Hardly dry behind the ears | Chưa dày dặn và chưa có kinh nghiệm trong một số trường hợp |
|
Ex 1: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc
1. Hardly ……….. they ………….(have) breakfast when they ………..(go) to school.
2. It is hardly correct ……..(speak) about a plan.
3. He hardly ………(sleep) early.
4. Hardly ………. I……….(go) to school late.
5. Hardly ……….I ……… (sleep) when my father ………..(go) to work.
6. I hardly ever ……..( see) them anymore.
7. Hardly ever …………Nam ………..( travel ) to another city.
Đáp án:
1. had/had/went
2. to speak
3. Sleeps
4. do/go
5. had/slept/went
6. see
7. does/travel
Ex 2: Điền từ vào chỗ trống
1. ………had I played tennis ……… my sister studied.
2. We can ……….. breathe.
3. I ………………..go to the concerts
4. My father can …… reads ……….. without glasses.
5. ………… do I play the violin
6. She ………reads ….. newspapers.
7. ……… did he go to the club.
8. I will ………….forget about his face.
Đáp án:
1. Hardly …when
2. Hardly
3. hardly/ hardly ever
4. hardly … at all
5. Hardly
6. hardly …any
7. Hardly
8. hardly/ hardly ever.
Ex 3: Chia dạng đúng của cộng từ trong ngoặc
1. Hardly ……….. my son ………….(have) breakfast when he ………..(go) to school.
2. It is hardly correct ……..(speak) about a strategy.
3. My mother hardly ………(sleep) early.
4. Hardly ………. they ……….(go) to school early.
5. Hardly ……….my sister ……… (sleep) when my father ………..(go) to work.
6. He hardly ……………( agree) with the tax increase.
7. My boyfriend hardly ……….. ( complete) the summery on time.
8. They hardly ever ……..( see) us anymore.
9. My brother can hardly …………..( walk) without help.
10. Hardly ……….she ……..( drink).
Đáp án:
1. had/had/went
2. to speak
3. sleeps
4. do/go
5. had/slept/went
6. agree
7. completes
8. see
9. walk
10. did/drink
Ex 4: Viết lại câu mà nghĩa không đổi
1. No sooner had I left than the library closed.
………………………………………………………….
2. My sister had only just put the phone down when my mom tells her to study.
………………………………………………………….
3. No sooner had Linh and her parents came back than it started raining heavily.
……………………………………… ………………….
4. No sooner had the film started than I and my boyfriend had to leave.
………………………………………………………….
5. No sooner had I entered the class in time than my teacher noticed me.
………………………………………………………….
Đáp án:
1. Hardly had I hardly left the library when it closed.
2. Hardly had my sister just put the phone down when my mom tells her to study.
3. Hardly had Linh and her parents come back when it started raining heavily.
4. Hardly had the film started when I and my boyfriend had to leave.
5. Hardly had I entered the class in time when my teacher noticed me.
Ex 5: Nối hai câu đơn dưới đây sử dụng cấu trúc Hardly … when
1. The clock struck midnight. The fireworks began to illuminate the sky.
2. The chef finished preparing the meal. The aroma filled the entire kitchen.
3. The teacher finished explaining the assignment. The students started working on it.
4. He took his first bite. He realized the meal was too spicy for his liking.
5. The storm clouds gathered. The rain poured down in torrents.
Đáp án:
1. Hardly had the clock struck midnight when the fireworks began to illuminate the sky.
2. Hardly had the chef finished preparing the meal when The aroma filled the entire kitchen.
3. Hardly had the teacher finished explaining the assignment when The students started working on it.
4. Hardly had he taken his first bite. He realized the meal was too spicy for his liking.
5. Hardly had the storm clouds gathered when the rain poured down in torrents.
Ex 6: Chia đúng dạng của động từ được cho trong ngoặc
1. She (Hardly, work) ______ ______ on weekends.
2. They (Hardly, go) ______ ______ to the beach last summer.
3. I (Hardly, believe) ______ ______ what he said.
4. We (Hardly, know) ______ ______ where to go for vacation.
5. She (Hardly, sleep) ______ ______ well last night.
6. Hardly (have, she) ______ ______ time to rest before the next meeting.
7. Hardly (do, we) ______ ______ our homework when the power went out.
8. He (Hardly, speak) ______ ______ to anyone at the party.
9. Hardly (had, I) ______ ______ breakfast when the doorbell rang.
10. They (Hardly, complete) ______ ______ the project on time.
Đáp án:
1. She hardly works on weekends.
2. They hardly went to the beach last summer.
3. I hardly believed what he said.
4. We hardly knew where to go for vacation.
5. She hardly slept well last night.
6. Hardly had she had time to rest before the next meeting.
7. Hardly had we done our homework when the power went out.
8. He hardly spoke to anyone at the party.
9. Hardly had I had breakfast when the doorbell rang.
10. They hardly completed the project on time.
Ex 7: Điền từ thích hợp vào ô trống
1. I ______ hear what you’re saying with all this noise.
2. She’s the best singer in her family, but it’s ______ saying much.
3. You’re ______ dry behind the ears to be giving me advice.
4. We ______ go to that restaurant anymore since they changed the menu.
5. The baby ______ slept at all last night.
6. ______ had I arrived at the party when my friends left.
7. She ______ studies for her exams.
8. The students ______ did their homework last night.
9. After the surgery, he could ______ walk without a cane.
10. I could ______ believe my eyes when I saw the surprise party.
Đáp án:
1. I can hardly hear what you’re saying with all this noise.
2. She’s the best singer in her family, but it’s hardly saying much.
3. You’re hardly dry behind the ears to be giving me advice.
4. We hardly ever go to that restaurant anymore since they changed the menu.
5. The baby hardly slept at all last night.
6. Hardly had I arrived at the party when my friends left.
7. She hardly ever studies for her exams.
8. The students hardly did their homework last night.
9. After the surgery, he could hardly walk without a cane.
10. I could hardly believe my eyes when I saw the surprise party.
Ex 8: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất trong các câu sau
1. ______ June arrived at the bus stop when the bus came.
A. Hardly had
B. No sooner had
C. No longer has
D. Not until had
2. Hardly ever _______ far from home.
A. Linda traveled
B. Linda has traveled
C. did Linda travel
D. Linda did travel
3. Hardly _______ the book down when the teacher called me.
A. did I put
B. have I put
C. had I put
D. I had put
4. Hardly had we arrived at the office ______ the announcement started.
A. than
B. when
C. then
D. last
5. Linda hardly ____ the assignment in time.
A. finish
B. finishing
C. to finished
D. finished
Đáp án:
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. D
Ex 9: Đảo ngữ các câu dưới đây
1. The movie was hardly entertaining.
2. He could hardly contain his excitement.
3. They had hardly any time to prepare for the presentation.
4. She could hardly remember the last time she felt so happy.
5. They could hardly hear each other over the noise.
Đáp án:
1. Hardly was the movie entertaining.
2. Hardly could he contain his excitement.
3. Hardly did they have any time to prepare for the presentation.
4. Hardly could she remember the last time she felt so happy.
5. Hardly could they hear each other over the noise.
Ex 10: Viết lại các câu đã cho sao cho cấu trúc không đổi
1. I can hardly hear what you are saying.
-> Hardly ________________________________.
2. She hardly made any mistakes in the test.
-> Hardly ________________________________.
3. The show had hardly started when the rain suddenly came down.
-> Hardly ________________________________.
4. The race had hardly begun when the athlete tripped and fell (vấp và ngã).
-> Hardly ________________________________.
5. They could hardly believe that they had been successful.
-> Hardly ________________________________.
Đáp án:
1. Hardly can I hear what you are saying.
2. Hardly did she make any mistakes in the test.
3. Hardly had the show started when the rain suddenly came down.
4. Hardly had the race begun when the athlete tripped and fell.
5. Hardly could they believe that they had been successful.
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