Cách paraphrase trong IELTS Writing chinh phục band điểm 6.5+

Cách paraphrase trong IELTS Writing chinh phục band điểm 6.5+

Paraphrase là gì?

Paraphrase là việc diễn đạt lại câu gốc sử dụng những từ vựng hoặc cấu trúc khác mà không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa truyền đạt. Cách Paraphrase chính là một kỹ thuật cần thiết mà học sinh cần thực hiện được trong IELTS Writing nếu muốn đạt band điểm 6.5+. 

Tác dụng của paraphrase?

Trong IELTS Writing, bao gồm cả Task 1 và Task 2, học sinh cần phải nhắc lại quan điểm của đề bài trong bài viết của mình, thường ở phần Mở bài và Kết bài (đối với Task 2). Vậy để tránh lỗi “ăn cắp văn” (plagiarism) hay việc sử dụng lại những từ đã có, học sinh cần paraphrase.

Nếu thực hiện được kỹ thuật này một cách chính xác và linh hoạt, tiêu chí Lexical Resource của bài viết sẽ thường ở band 7 trở lên (trích Tiêu chí Lexical resource - Band 7 trong Writing band descriptor (Public version): “uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision”).

Một số cách paraphrase trong Writing Task 1 & Task 2 

1. Cách paraphrase: Sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa (synonym)

Học sinh có thể sử dụng các từ đồng nghĩa mang nghĩa giống hoặc gần giống để thay thế từ gốc, đây là một cách paraphrase trong tiếng Anh. Việc sử dụng được từ đồng nghĩa là một trong những khía cạnh để giám khảo đánh giá về phạm vi từ vựng của bài viết (range of vocabulary). 

Tuy nhiên, khi học sinh dùng cách paraphrase là các từ đồng nghĩa, một số lỗi hay mắc phải là sử dụng từ không đúng với ngữ cảnh của câu đó, khiến việc truyền tải ý bị thay đổi so với câu gốc; hoặc học sinh lựa chọn từ không đúng ngữ pháp; hoặc cố gắng thay thế toàn bộ từ trong câu gốc cũng là một lỗi nhiều học sinh hay mắc phải. 

Vậy để thực hiện đúng việc sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa khi paraphrase, học sinh cần có sự chọn lọc với từ có thể thay đổi và sử dụng đúng từ đồng nghĩa với sắc thái nghĩa tương tự từ gốc. Cụ thể, việc chỉ tra từ đồng nghĩa qua từ điển từ đồng nghĩa (ví dụ: thesaurus.com) sẽ không đảm bảo rằng đã tìm được từ đồng nghĩa phù hợp với văn cảnh cần sử dụng. Hãy lưu ý khi sử dụng cách paraphrase này bạn nhé!

Thay vào đó, học sinh nên thực hiện việc tra ngược lại từ đồng nghĩa mình đã chọn ở các từ điển uy tín như Cambridge dictionary hay Collins dictionary, kiểm tra xem từ đó được sử dụng như thế nào, qua việc xem giải thích nghĩa và xem ví dụ ứng dụng. 

Ví dụ về cách paraphrase bằng cách từ đồng nghĩa:

Câu gốc: Studies have suggested that children watch much more television than they did in the past and spend less time on active or creative things.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: It is now a norm that children watch an excessive amount of television and do not engage much in active or creative activities.

Chú thích: 

• much more television → an excessive amount of television 
• spend less time on → do not engage much in 

Câu gốc: Nowadays, more and more people decide to have children later in their life.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: In modern society, there has been a growing concern that many couples have delayed parenthood

Chú thích: 

• nowadays → in modern society
• more and more → many
• have children later → delay parenthood

2. Cách paraphrase: Sử dụng dạng khác của từ (word form) 

Thay đổi loại từ cũng là một cách paraphrase hiệu quả. Một số loại từ có thể thay thế lẫn nhau phổ biến như động từ (verb), danh từ (noun), tính từ (adjective), trạng từ (adverb)

Việc thay đổi loại từ thường liên quan tới thay đổi cấu trúc ngữ pháp hoặc cấu trúc trong collocation, bởi vậy học sinh cần lưu ý để tránh mắc lỗi khi áp dụng cách paraphrase này. Hãy tra từ ở trang Online OXFORD Collocation Dictionary of English để check các cách kết hợp từ tương ứng mỗi dạng từ sử dụng xem đã đúng hay chưa. 

Ví dụ về cách paraphrase khi sử dụng word form:

Câu gốc: Some people think that environmental protection is the responsibility of politicians.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: Some people believe that politicians should be responsible for protecting the environment. 

Chú thích: 

• environmental protection → protect the environment 
• the responsibility of → be responsible for 

Câu gốc: Using a computer every day can have negative effects on children.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: The usage of computer every day can negatively affect children.

Chú thích: 

• using a computer → the usage of computer
• have negative effects → negatively affect

3. Cách paraphrase: Thay đổi cấu trúc câu

Thay đổi thể câu chủ động - bị động (active voice & passive voice) là một cách paraphrase hiệu quả: học sinh có thể paraphrase bằng cách chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động hoặc ngược lại. Ngoài ra, việc sử dụng thể bị động là khá phổ biến trong văn viết học thuật, vì nó thể hiện được tính khách quan của người viết khi đưa ra quan điểm.

Ví dụ về cách paraphrase:

Câu gốc - thể chủ động: Modern technology has made it easier for individuals to download copyrighted music and books from the internet for no charge.

➪ Câu được paraphrase - thể bị động: Copyrights have evolved into a major topic of concern in the era of the Internet and modern technology, as copyrighted music and books can now be downloaded for free with a few simple mouse-clicks.

Câu gốc - thể bị động: Stronger measures, however, should be adopted such as introducing criminology as a school subject and showing students documentaries about the lives of prisoners.

➪ Câu được paraphrase - thể chủ động: The government, however, should adopt stronger measures such as introducing criminology as a school subject and showing students documentaries about the lives of prisoners.

4. Cách paraphrase: Thay đổi trật tự của câu/ hoặc  từ

Thông thường, học sinh có thể hoán đổi vị trí của các mệnh đề nếu câu gốc có nhiều hơn một mệnh đề. Với cách paraphrase này, học sinh có thể kết hợp với việc sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa để đạt hiệu quả paraphrase tốt nhất. 

Ví dụ về cách paraphrase:

Câu gốc: It is more important for schoolchildren to learn about local history than world history. 

➪ Câu được paraphrase: There is a common belief that local history is more important to children than world history. 

Câu gốc: Many people are unhealthy because they might not eat well

➪ Câu được paraphrase: Failing to maintain a balanced diet is the reason why many people have poor health. (kết hợp sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa và đảo cấu trúc) 

5. Cách paraphrase: Sử dụng chủ ngữ giả “it”và “there”

Cấu trúc sử dụng với chủ ngữ giả “There/It + to be + V-phân từ 2”, thường được dùng để nêu lên quan điểm hoặc nêu lên một sự thật, cũng là một cách paraphrase. 

Ví dụ về cách paraphrase: 

Câu gốc: I would recommend that all forms of copyright infringements are prohibited.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: It is recommended that all forms of copyright infringements are prohibited. 

Câu gốc: Some students prefer to take a gap year between high school and university, to work or to travel.

➪ Câu được paraphrase: In today’s world, there has been an accelerating trend of students taking a break from studying before pursuing tertiary education. 

Lưu ý: Học sinh được khuyến khích sử dụng kết hợp nhiều cách paraphrase trong cùng một câu để đảm bảo sự linh hoạt trong việc sử dụng từ vựng cũng như tính chính xác về mặt ngữ nghĩa.

Một số bài tập luyện paraphrase có đáp án

Bài 1: 

a. The Pie chart below shows the average household expenditure in Japan and Malaysia in the year 2010.

b. The chart below shows the percentage of adults of different age groups in the UK who used the Internet every day from 2003-2006.

c. The chart below shows the percentage of the whole world population in four countries from 1950 to 2000, with projections till 2050.

d. The graph below shows the sales of children’s books, adult fiction and educational books between 2002 and 2006 in one country.

e. The line graph below shows the population size, birth rate and death rate of England and Wales from 1700 to 2000.

f. The line graph and bar chart give the information and forecast about the vehicle numbers and CO2 emission in England and Wales between 2000 and 2020.

g. The charts below show the proportion of the energy produced from different sources in a country between 1985 and 2003.

h. The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.

i. The chart below gives information on the percentage of British people giving money to charity by age range for the years 1990 and 2010.

j. The graph and table below show the average monthly temperatures and the average number of hours of sunshine per year in three major cities.

k. The diagrams below show the changes that have taken place at the West Part Secondary School since its construction in 1950.

l. The chart below gives information about Southland’s main exports in 2000, 2021, and future projections for 2025.

m. The pie charts below show the online shopping sales for retail sectors in New Zealand in 2003 and 2013.

n. The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Newport city center from 2003-2012.

o. The maps below show the village of Stokeford in 1930 and 2010.

Đáp án

a. The given pie chart provides information about the proportion of money spent on household expenses in Japan and Malaysia in 2010. 

b. The given bar chart illustrates the percentage of adults of different ages using the Internet between 2003 and 2006 in the UK

c. A glance at the bar chart reveals information about the proportion of the population in India, China, the USA, and Japan in 1950 and 2000, with projected data for 2050.

d. The given line graph illustrates the comparison of the sales of three different types of books, namely Children’s books, adult fiction, and educational books from 2002 to 2006.

e. The line graph provides information about the population size and compares the birth and mortality rate of England and Wales for a period of 300 years starting from 1700.

f. The two charts provide data about the number of vehicles and the amount of CO2 emission by different means of transport in England and Wales from 2000 to 2020

g. The given pie charts compare the percentage of energy generated from seven different sources in a particular country from 1985 to 2003.

h. A glance at the line graph provided reveals the information about the increase in the ageing population in Japan, Sweden, and the USA from 1940 to 2040.

i. The chart examines the level of donation among people of different ages in Britain

j. The data provides information on average temperatures and annual hours of sunshine in London, New York and Sydney.

k. The diagrams show West Part School at three different stages in its development in the years 1950, 1980 and 2010.

l. The given bar chart illustrates the performance of Southland’s primary exports in 2000 and 2013. It also indicates the future projections for 2025.

m. The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different retail sectors in New Zealand in the years 2003 and 2013.

n. The given graph illustrates how crime rates altered in Newport inner city during the period 2003-2012.

o. The given maps depict the changes that took place in the village of Stokeford in 1930 and 2010. 

Bài 2

a. People say that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

b. The overuse of natural resources ultimately exhausts them. This causes huge harm to the environment. Therefore, the government should discourage people from overusing such resources

c. Some students prefer to take a gap year between high school and university, to work or to travel.

d. The world's natural resources are consumed at an ever-increased rate

e. Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve. Others believe individuals can also do some things to solve these problems.

f. Some people think that governments should give financial support to artists, musicians and poets

g. Whether or not someone achieves their aims is mostly by a question of luck

h. Some people think that the government should ban dangerous sports

i. In recent years, waste from multinational companies’ production sites has significantly damaged the environment of the host countries.

j. In many cities, the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in order to reduce crime.

k. In the modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food, clothing or medicine. 

l. The use of social media is replacing face-to-face interaction among many people in society.

m. In the developed world, average life expectancy has been increasing.

n. The position of women in society has changed greatly in the past 20 years

o. The level of crime has increased noticeably in different ways

Đáp án

a. Global warming is said to be caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

b. Exploiting natural resources will ultimately deplete them and lead to environmental harm. Therefore, the overuse of these resources should be discouraged by governments.

c. In today’s world, there has been an accelerating trend of students taking a break from studying before pursuing tertiary education

d. The overconsumption of natural resources is emerging as a major topic of concern today.

e. Some vast environmental problems, such as global warming and deforestation, occur on a global scale. In the view of some people, the job of addressing these problems is beyond the capability of individuals

f. Governmental finance as a form of support for artists has evolved into a major topic of concern in modern society

g. The debate of whether luck is the primary determinant of success in achieving targets has been heated.

h. It is believed that a ban on extreme sports should be imposed by the authorities

i. It is argued that waste from large-scale companies has begun destroying the ecology of the countries they operate in.

j. The use of surveillance cameras as crime prevention is being increased in many major cities around the world. 

k. These days, we no longer need to use products from animals, such as food, clothing items or even medicine.

l. Nowadays, face-to-face communication is being replaced with online conversations using social media apps

m. Many developed countries have been experiencing substantial increases in life expectancy.

n. The social status of females has dramatically changed in the last two decades.

o. The increase in the level of crime has been noticeable in multiple ways

Bài 2: Tìm từ, cụm từ đồng nghĩa với các từ vựng trong đoạn văn sau:

a. To truly tackle traffic congestion, we need more realistic solutions than restricting people to stay indoors. One such solution can be improving public transportation. The convenience of public conveyance would discourage many to use their private cars, which is the primary reason for bad traffic in many cities. Furthermore, the government can encourage people to use an eco-friendly mode of transport, like the bicycle, by dedicating a separate lane for them. Many European and Asian cities, for example, already have separate cycle lanes and this has been truly effective in promoting environment-friendly vehicles and reducing traffic congestion.

b. With the change of the family structure and social norm, people these days want their children to excel in education and other creative fields rather than taking care of the family. Joint family predominated the society and parents had more children in the past. With the rise of the nuclear family and one-to-two-child-family policy, parents totally focus on a child's education, unlike the past. In my opinion, blaming children for not taking responsibilities is an impartial judgement as modern children have far more pressure from schools and parents. They are not expected to earn money or do house hold works in a well-to-do family. With the increasing literacy rates, less discrimination in a family, women empowerment and better lifestyle, the trend has more positive outcomes, without a doubt.

Đáp án

b.

Bài 3: Sử dụng các từ đồng nghĩa được gợi ý và viết lại các câu sau:

a. Universities should accept equal numbers of men and women in every subject. (the same number of)

b. Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in seperate schools. (single-sex schools)

c. Even though globalization affects the world’s economies in a positive way, the negative side should not be forgotten. (In spite of / good effects / drawbacks)

d. The problem of deforestion is impossible to avoid, especially when people focus too much on making profits. (undeniable / concentrate on)

e. One of the main reasons for students to have higher education is to get high salary when graduated. (well-paid jobs)

f. The increasing level of pollution relates directly to the development of economy. (associated to)

g. Many people believe that government should provide free education to all citizens. (be equipped with / non-paid education)

h. It is undeniable to say that the gender inequality is still happening in the developing countries. (unavoidable / third world countries)

i. The urgent thing is to solve the existing problem about malnutrition in Africa. (crucial / deal with)

j. The main factors for dealing with the issue include both government and citizens. (tackle)

Đáp án

1. Universities should accept equal numbers of men and women in every subject.

-> Universities should allow the same number of male and female joining in each subject.

2. Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in seperate schools.

-> Some people believe that one of the education methods is to let boys and girls study in single-sex schools.

3. Even though globalization affects the world’s economies in a positive way, the negative side should not be forgotten.

-> In spite of the fact that globalization has good effects on the world’s economies, its drawbacks should be paid attention to.

4. The problem of deforestaion is impossible to avoid, especially when people focus too much on making profits.

-> The deforestation is undeniable, especially when people concentrate too much on earning money.

5. One of the main reasons for students to have higher education is to get high salary when graduated.

-> One of the main causes for pupils to have higher education is to get well-paid jobs when graduated.

 6. The increasing level of pollution relates directly to the development of economy.

->  The emerging pollution is directly associated to the economy growth.

 7. Many people believe that the government should provide free education to all citizens.

-> Many people assert that everyone should be equiped with non-paid education by the government.

 8. It is undeniable to say that the gender inequality is still happening in the underdeveloped countries.

->  It is unavoidable that the situation of gender inequality is still exisiting in the third world countries.

 9. The urgent thing is to solve the existing problem about malnutrition in Africa.

-> The crucial thing is to deal with malnutrition happening in Africa.

 10. The main factors for dealing with the issue include both government and citizens.

->  Both government and citizens play main roles in tackling the issue.

Bài 4: Dựa vào các từ gợi ý, hãy hoàn thành các câu sau và sử dụng chủ ngữ giả

1. There / some / methods / governments / could / do / raise / awareness / global warming.

2. It/ challenging / manage / terrorism / happening / all / world.

3. It / very / important / fasten / seatbelt / when / drive / car.

4. There / be / adverse / effects / health / if / people / not / pay / attention / enviroment.

5. It / hard / balance / between / work / life.

6. There / undeniable / impacts / of / air pollution / daily.

7. It / necessary / learn / another / language / beside / mother tongue.

8. It / essential / developing countries / improve / health / education / trade.

Đáp án

1. There are some methods that governments could do to raise the awareness about global warming.

2. It is challenging to manage the terrorism happening all over the world.

3. It is very important to fasten the seatbelt when driving a car.

4. There will be adverse effects on health if people do not pay attention to environment.

5. It is hard to balance between work and life.

6. There are undeniable impacts of air pollution on health.

7. It is necessary to learn another language beside mother tongue

8. It is essential for developing countries to improve on health, education and trade.

Bài 5: Chuyển các câu sau thành câu bị động

1. Parents should orient their children about future career.

2. Non-governmental organizations have given poor families a lot of support in terms of financial issues to develop sustainably.

3. The youth pay more attention to environmental issues than they used to do in the past.

4. Teachers can teach students to ultilize their potentials in some specific aspects.

5. Teenagers tend to spend their money on video games.

Đáp án

1. Children should be oriented about future career by their parents.

2. Poor families have been given a lot of supports in terms of financial issues to develop sustainably by non-governmental organizations.

3. Environmental issues are paid more attention to by the youth than they used to do in the past.

4. Students can be taught to utilize their potentials in some specific aspects.

5. Money tend to be spent on video games by teenagers.

Bài 6: Xác định dạng từ và chọn từ thích hợp

Now that we know the true (responsible/ responsibility) of a teacher, we can (easy/ easily) compare our parents and teachers. The things that we learn from our parents are far more (important/ importance) than what we learn from our teachers. I am not denying the invaluable knowledge we learn from our teachers through our academic years, but what we learn from our parents are (incomparably/ incomparable). We learn to survive, talk, and distinguish well from bad, values of life, morality and such important other things from our parents. We are the true (reflected/ reflection) of our parents and our characters are shaped by their (personal/ personality) and (behave/ behaviours). Later the teachers help us to enhance our knowledge, horizon and our view of life but the very foundation and ground are made by our parents. The parents sacrifice so many things of their life just to ensure a better life for us and nothing in this whole world could even be compared with their (sacrifice/ sacrificed) for us. Think of a student who is (able/ unable) to pay his monthly school fees would be cast away from the school and the beloved teachers would (scarcely/ scarce) be there to help him. On the other hand, the parents would always be there with their every (possibly/ possible) effort to help the child.

Đáp án

1. responsibility

2. easily

3. important

4. incomparable

5. reflection

6. personality

7. behaviours

8. sacrifice

9. unable

10. scarcely

11. possible

Bài 7: Viết lại các câu sau sao cho nghĩa không đổi

1. Some people believe that environmental protection is the responsibility of politicians, not individuals as individuals can do too little.

2. In many cities, the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in order to reduce crime.

3. In the modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food, clothing or medicine. 

4. Some people believe that developments in the field of artificial intelligence will have a positive impact on our lives in the near future. 

5. The use of social media is replacing face-to-face interaction among many people in society.

6. In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing.

7. The diagram below shows one way of manufacturing ceramic pots.

8. The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in 2000, 2005 and 2010.

9. The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in different age groups who did a regular physical activity in 2010.

10. The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and consumption of electricity in 2014.

Đáp á

1. It is believed that to solve environmental problems only governments have the power to as individuals can do too little.

2. In many major cities around the world, the use of surveillance cameras in public places is being increased in order to crime deterrence

3. These days, we no longer need to use products from animals, such as food, clothing items or even medicine

4. It is argued that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) will bring a range of benefits in the foreseeable future

5. These days, face-to-face communication is being replaced with online conversations using social media apps, such as Facebook, WhatsApp or Tumblr. 

6. Many developed countries are experiencing substantial increases in life expectancy. 

7. The diagram illustrates how ceramic pots are manufactured.

8. The bar chart compares the proportion of young people entering higher education in three years, 2000, 2005 and 2010.

9. The bar chart compares the proportion of people in Australia who exercised on a regular basis in 2010, according to age and gender.

10. The bar chart compares 10 highest-ranking countries in terms of electricity generation and consumption in 2014.

Bài 8: Paraphrase lại đề IELTS Writing Task 1

1. The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain.

2. The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the costs of adult education should be shared.

3. The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc.) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983.

Đáp án

1. The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain.

Paraphrase: The bar graph ILLUSTRATES how much money people in Britain spent per week on 3 different types of fast food.

2. The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the costs of adult education should be shared.

Paraphrase: The bar graph demonstrates 7 different reasons why adults pursue education at their age.

Hoặc: The second chart shows how the surveyees think their education expenses should be allocated.

3. The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc.) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983.

Paraphrase: The table illustrates the ownership rate of different home appliances in Britain over the course of 11 years starting from 1972.

Bài 9:

1. The chart below gives information about how university students in one country spent their monthly income in 1978 and in 2008.

2. The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.

3. The pie charts below compare different kinds of energy production in Australia in two years.

Đáp án 

1. The provided data presents | a comparison of the expenditure patterns of university students | in a particular country | in 1978 and 2008.

2. The provided tables outline | the sales figures of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas | in five European countries | during 1999 and 2004.

3. The given pie charts depict | the contrasting proportions of various energy sources | in Australia | over two different years.

Bài 10: Paraphrase các câu sau bằng cách sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa:

1. The city is facing a serious housing shortage.

2. The company’s profits have increased significantly.

3. The new law has sparked a heated debate.

Đáp án:

1. The city is experiencing a severe housing crisis.

2. The company’s earnings have risen considerably.

3. The new legislation has ignited a fierce controversy.

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